Application of plant tissue culture

-Micropropagation is widely used in forestry and in floriculture. Micropropagation can also be used to conserve rare or endangered plant
  species.

-A plant breeder may use tissue culture to screen cells rather than plants for advantageous characters, e.g. herbicide resistance/tolerance.

-Large-scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture inside bioreactors as a source of secondary products, like recombinant proteins used as
  biopharmaceuticals.

-To cross distantly related species by protoplast fusion and regeneration of the novel hybrid.

-To cross-pollinate distantly related species and then tissue culture the resulting embryo which would otherwise normally die
  (Embryo Rescue).

-For production of doubled monoploid plants from haploid cultures to achieve homozygous lines more rapidly in breeding programmes,
  usually by treatment with colchicine which causes doubling of the chromosome number.

-As a tissue for transformation, followed by either short-term testing of genetic constructs or regeneration of transgenic plants.

-Certain techniques such as meristem tip culture may be employed that can be used to produce clean plant material from virused stock,
  such as potatoes and many species of soft fruit.

-Micropropagation using meristem and shoot culture to produce large numbers of identical individuals.

-Screening programmes of cells, rather than plants for advantageous characters.

-Large-scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture as a source of secondary products.

-Crossing distantly related species by protoplast fusion and regeneration of the novel hybrid.

-Production of dihaploid plants from haploid cultures to achieve homozygous lines more rapidly in breeding programmes.

-As a tissue for transformation, followed by either short-term testing of genetic constructs or regeneration of transgenic plants.

-Removal of viruses by propagation from meristematic tissues.

-Various urea-derived herbicides and different cytokinin analogues were used to determine their effects on callusing response and shoot
  regenerating capacity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Coleus (Coleus forskohlii Briq.). 

-The herbicides monuron and diuron evoked profuse callusing response from Coleus leaf segments and alfalfa petiole explants on Murashige
  and Skoog medium.

-Shoot regeneration by monuron (2.0 mg/l) showed a maximum of 3 multiple shoots both in alfalfa and Coleus with a frequency of 92% and
  75%, respectively.

-Whereas diuron (0.5 mg/l) showed a high frequency of shoot regeneration (89%) with a mean number of 5 shoots in alfalfa, in C. forskohlii,
  the frequency of regeneration was 90% with a mean number of 6 shoots.

-Diuron with two chloride groups in the phenyl ring showed signifi cantly higher cytokinin-like activity than single chloride substitution
 monuron.

-This study demonstrates the potential use of monuron and diuron as cytokinins in plant tissue culture.